Listing Standards of SME stock exchanges

Posting Standards of SME stock trades Free Online Research Papers Posting guidelines of SME stock trades The record covers the significance of SME trades and talked about the posting principles of a portion of the well known SME stock trades over the world and the eventual fate of such trades in India Niroop G J PGP/11/097 Substance INTRODUCTION 3 Little and medium undertaking (SME) exchanges 3 Point London 4 Highlights: 4 Key Criteria for listing 5 Moms Exchange 6 Posting Criteria 6 Liquidity 6 Development Enterprise Market †GEM 8 Diamond Listing Requirements 8 (I) Financial Requirements: 8 (II) Acceptable Jurisdictions: 8 (III) Accounting Standards: 8 (IV) Suitability for Listing: 9 (V) Operating History and Management: 9 (VI) Minimum Market Capitalisation: 9 (VII) Market Capitalisation of Public Float: 9 (VIII) Public Float: 9 (IX) Spread of Shareholders: 10 (X) Offering Mechanism: 10 (XI) New Issue Price: 10 Posting Process for a posting application 11 JSE Alternative Exchange (AltX) 12 Expected Benefits 12 For companies: 12 For investors: 13 For the South African economy: 13 Phenomenal Support 13 Assigned Advisers 13 Posting Requirements 15 Market for Alternative Investment MAI 16 Standards for posting on MAI 16 NYSE ALTERNEXT 17 MARKET PARTICIPANTS 17 LIQUIDITY PROVIDERS 17 Job of LPs 17 New LP profiles 19 MARKET MAKERS 19 Posting SPONSORS 21 OBLIGATIONS 21 Conditions for turning into a posting sponsor 22 KOSDAQ 23 Blended Results 25 1. Great performance 25 2. Terrible performance 27 Development of KOSDAQ 29 Posting STANDARDS 30 TSX Venture trade Canada 31 The means to list on TSX Venture Exchange 31 Documenting a plan is a five-advance process: 32 Posting Requirement 32 Posting Fees 33 Four distinct strategies at TSX Venture Exchange 33 Direct Listing 33 IPO 33 Turn around Take-Over 33 TSX Venture Capital Pool Company Program (CPC) 34 SME Exchange in India 35 REFERENCES 35 Presentation Little and medium undertaking (SME) trades The goal of SME trades is to give an approach to littler organizations to raise capital. These organizations, because of their littler sizes, can't raise capital from bigger trades. The organizations which would need to fund-raise from SME trades would for the most part run from youthful, investment sponsored new companies to settled, develop associations hoping to grow. These little and fair sized firms ordinarily can't meet the tough prerequisites that are fundamental for posting on greater trades. SME trades are structured explicitly for these organizations. These trades give a path to the little organizations to get recorded, and furthermore give an elective venture choice to the financial specialists, who can purchase the value of littler organizations. There are various reasons why little organization would need to get itself recorded on a SME trade. The reasons are basically the like why any organization would need to open up to the world. In any case, the needs in the event of the little firms are extraordinary. For instance, posting on a trade makes an increased open profile of a little organization. This is significant for most little organizations getting recorded on SME trade, yet not as significant for a settled organization getting recorded on a significant trade. A portion of the reasons why a little organization needs to get itself recorded on a SME trade include: To give access to money to development To make a business opportunity for the company’s shares To put a target showcase esteem on Company’s business To support worker duty by making share plots progressively appealing To build the company’s capacity to make acquisitions utilizing cited shares as money To make an elevated open profile To improve status with clients and providers There are numerous SME trades the world over. By and by, we don't have such a trade in India. Instances of a portion of the well known SME trades far and wide are †Point London NYSE Alternext JSE Alternative Exchange South Africa Market for Alternative Investment (MAI) Thailand TSX Venture trade Canada Moms (Market of the high-development and rising stocks) Japan Pearls Hong Kong KSODAQ Korea Point London The London Stock Exchange made AIM with the target to offer littler organizations from any nation and any industry segment ? the opportunity to raise capital on a market with a down to earth and fitting way to deal with guideline. Point is intended to be an exceptionally adaptable open market offering numerous interesting characteristics both for organizations and financial specialists. Organizations needn't bother with a specific money related reputation or exchanging history for getting recorded on AIM. There is additionally no base prerequisite as far as size or number of investors. This progressively adaptable methodology mirrors the way that AIM was planned explicitly for littler developing organizations, and has helped AIM to turn into the main worldwide development advertise. Features: No base size of organization No base extent of offers to be in broad daylight hands No exchanging record prerequisite No earlier investor endorsement for most of exchanges No limitations on the transferability of the companys shares* No prerequisite to be fused in the United Kingdom Key Criteria for posting 1. An candidate must delegate an assigned counsel and an AIM organization must hold a selected guide consistently. 2. An candidate must deliver a confirmation archive and other supporting records in indicated designs. 3. Where an applicant’s primary action is a business which has not been autonomous and gaining income for at any rate two years, it must guarantee that every single related gathering and material representatives as at the date of affirmation make a deal to avoid discarding any enthusiasm for its protections for one year from the confirmation of its protections. 4. Where the candidate is a contributing organization, a state of its affirmation is that it raises at least  £3 million in real money by means of a value gathering pledges on, or preceding confirmation. 5. Disclosure of improvements that are not open information but rather liable to cause considerable prize developments. 6. Disclosure of corporate exchanges 7. Disclosure of half-yearly fiscal summaries 8. Annual reports 9. Disclosure of different random data. Moms Exchange Moms (Market of the high-development and rising stocks) was built up by the Tokyo Stock Exchange on November 11, 1999. The trade was set up so as to give adventure organizations access to assets at a beginning period of their turn of events and to furnish speculators with progressively differentiated venture items. Posting Criteria Liquidity 1. Applicant should make, at the hour of posting, open contribution of least 1,000 exchanging units of recently gave shares, or an open contribution of least 1,000 exchanging units of recently gave shares and recently gave shares, of which least 500 exchanging units ought to be of recently given offers. 2. Applicant should make sure about least 300 new investors by the first sale of stock at the hour of posting. 3. A market capitalization of at any rate JPY 1 billion at the hour of posting. 4. Turnover, for the business ought to be recorded continuously before the posting application date. This is provided that the business is as yet being arranged or experiencing a possibility appraisal stage but to create any critical income, it isn't viewed as qualified for posting. 5. Financial Statements 6. Applicant is to have contracted, or has consented to contract, with one of investor administration specialists when of use. 7. There ought to be no limitations on move of stocks. 8. Applicant has concurred, or is to have concurred, to store their protections into a focal protections safe, Japan Securities Depository Center, Inc. 9. Applicant ought to have the option to reveal their business results suitably and opportune on quarterly premise. ? Figure underneath contrasts the posting rules of Mothers and different areas of the Tokyo Stock trade. ? Development Enterprise Market †GEM Diamond is an elective securities exchange worked by Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited. It takes into account the development ventures especially those rising ones, for example endeavors that have great business thoughts and development potential. Diamond offers development ventures a road to raise capital. It offers financial specialists an option of putting resources into high development, high hazard organizations and gives a raising money setting and a solid personality to cultivate the advancement of innovation ventures in Hong Kong and the district. Diamond advances the improvement of funding ventures. Pearl Listing Requirements The accompanying shows a portion of the fundamental necessities for posting value protections on the Exchange. (I) Financial Requirements: A GEM new candidate must have an exchanging record of in any event two monetary years containing: A positive income produced from working exercises in the customary and common course of business of at any rate HK$20 million in total for the two budgetary years promptly going before the issue of the posting archive. Market top of at any rate HK$100 million at the hour of posting. (II) Acceptable Jurisdictions: Part 24 of the GEM Listing Rules give the general system pertinent to every abroad organization looking for a posting on the Exchange. Pearl Rule 24.05(1)(b) and the illustrative notes thereto set out the investor assurance gauges that are anticipated from an abroad organization when looking for an essential posting on the Exchange. Candidates fused outside Hong Kong and other perceived purviews looking for an essential posting on GEM are surveyed dependent upon the situation and need to show they are liable to fitting principles of investor assurance, which are at any rate identical to those required under Hong Kong law. (III) Accounting Standards: Another candidates accounts must be set up as per either Hong Kong Financial Reporting Standards or Internati

Ap American Dbq Strict and Loose Constructionists, Jefferson and Madison Presidencies Essay Example

Ap American Dbq Strict and Loose Constructionists, Jefferson and Madison Presidencies Essay During the administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, the portrayal of Jeffersonian Republicans as severe constructionists and Federalists as free constructionists was commonly valid generally. While the two Presidents were Democratic-Republicans and frequently received an exacting constructionist see, there were a few special cases where they or different Republicans embraced a free constructionist see. The equivalent goes for the Federalists, who had a few instances of them receiving an exacting constructionist view.During the hour of the Jefferson and Madison administrations, the Democratic-Republicans were frequently viewed as severe constructionists. This is found in numerous events in which the Presidents (the two of which were Republicans) or different individuals from the gathering took activities from an exacting constructionist point of view. While in office, Jefferson diminished the size of the Navy and put confinements on the military, which was an exacting co nstructionist see at that point. The Constitution just enabled the Federal government to keep up a military, and Jefferson felt that the nation could be kept up with a littler power, consequently why he constrained it.Jefferson likewise didn't run for a third term, following the two-term limit strategy that Washington had ‘created. ’ By regarding this component of the â€Å"un-written† Constitution, Jefferson was following an exacting constructionist perspective. Likewise, Jefferson communicated an exacting constructionist see in a few individual letters. In one to Gideon Granger in 1800, he expressed his own and the party’s aims to get â€Å"a lion's share in the assembly of the United States, joined to the safeguarding of the administrative Constitution,† and even expressed in the letter that the Federalists free constructionist perspectives would be adverse to the nation (Document A).In another letter to Samuel Miller, a Presbyterian serve, in mi d 1808, he additionally plainly demonstrated his severe constructionist sees by expressing that â€Å"certainly no capacity to endorse any strict exercise, or to expect expert in strict control, has been designated to the general [federal] government† (Document B). This whole explanation shows Jefferson’s severe after of the Constitution and that he won't permit the Federal government to bargain in strict issues since it doesn’t state the administration can in the Constitution, subsequently displaying those exacting constructionist views.Notably, he vetoed the death of the Internal Improvements Bill in 1817, saying that â€Å"such a force isn't explicitly given by the Constitution,† which likewise shows his exacting constructionist sees (Document H). While a large number of the Republicans during the Jefferson and Madison years held exacting constructionist sees, there were times where the Presidents took activities that could be viewed as free constructi onist. One case of this was Jefferson’s going of the Embargo Act of 1807 (Document C).This activity was viewed as a free constructionist activity in light of the fact that the Constitution expressed that the legislature reserved the option to direct business and exchange, with certain individuals contending that that didn't mean they had the power to totally cut off exchange. Another case of Thomas Jefferson rehearsing free constructionist sees was the point at which he purchased the Louisiana domain from the French in 1804 without the Senate’s endorsement. This was a free constructionist activity in light of the fact that no where in the Constitution it says the official branch has the position to make such a buy without the Senate affirming the purchase.Jefferson supported the buy with the Elastic Clause, a condition ordinarily utilized by free constructionists to legitimize a portion of their activities not communicated in the Constitution. Other than these activiti es, Thomas Jefferson demonstrated his day of work to free constructionist thinking in a letter in 1816 to Samuel Kercheval, in which he communicated that administrations had to realize how to change with the occasions as opposed to staying precisely the equivalent from its perspectives (Document G).While the Republicans for the most part held an exacting constructionist perspective on the Constitution, Federalists would in general have a free constructionist perspective on the Constitution during the administrations of Jefferson and Madison. A case of this would be when different Federalists gathered in the Hartford Convention from 1812 to 1815 to examine making changes to the Constitution to support the northeastern states, however the discussions would in the long run go to discusses severance (Document E).This shows how the Federalists held a free constructionist perspective on the Constitution and were happy to make modifications to the report. Another case of Federalists holdin g free constructionist sees during this time is found in John Marshall, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during Jefferson and Madison’s terms. A striking Federalist, John Marshall was a solid supporter of the Elastic Clause. He likewise made the idea of Judicial Review in the well known instance of â€Å"Marbury v. Madison,† which has since become an intensity of the Supreme Court, despite the fact that it isn’t recorded in the Constitution.By Marshall practicing a force not straightforwardly recorded in the Constitution, it shows his free constructionist sees. In spite of the propensities of the Federalist Party individuals to have free constructionist sees, there were a few special cases to this during the hour of the Jefferson and Madison administrations. A case of one of these special cases was when Daniel Webster, a Federalist from New Hampshire, and different Federalists contradicted the induction charge the Madison organization endeavored to get pas sed (Document D).Their contention was that no where in the Constitution does it say that the legislature can drive individuals to serve in the military. This shows a second where certain individuals followed severe constructionist see, yet then again likewise shows a second where Democratic-Republicans (the Madison organization) acted under free constructionist sees. Another case of the Federalists holding severe constructionist sees is the point at which they pushed vigorously for Congress to require a 66% larger part to pass things like conceding states to the association or pronouncing war.During the hour of the Jefferson and Madison organizations, Democratic-Republicans were for the most part observed as exacting constructionists while Federalists were by and large observed as free constructionists. As observed before, Jefferson, Madison, and different Republicans did communicate severe constructionist convictions during their terms, and on the other hand the Federalists, for ex ample, John Marshall, regularly communicated their free constructionist convictions during those occasions. Be that as it may, the two gatherings didn't generally hold fast to these convictions, each having their own one of a kind special cases relying upon the circumstance

The POWER of a Mechanical Engineering

The POWER of a Mechanical Engineering In 2011, MIT Mechanical Engineering students went through MISTI to design a control system for a YF03 robot atKawasaki Heavy Industries in Japan; research the potential of shale gas as an energy source at Iberdrola in Spain; conduct experimental investigations of rheological substances at RWTH Aachen University in Germany; and develop engineering projects to improve life in impoverished communities at Tecnologico de Monterrey in Mexico (to name a select few). In fact, a total of 80 MechE students went overseas last summer to expand their skills in foreign companies, universities and labs. Christopher Love Graduate student MIT-Italy Program 2008, 2009 2011 Internship: ENEL, Pisa This experience connected me to relatives in Italy and formed long-lasting friendships. I hope to travel often to Italy and perhaps return for an extended period of work. I have continued in the energy sector as a MITEI and NSF doctoral fellow researching durable nanoengineered surfaces for improved power-plant efficiency. The project:I designed a hybrid solar-geothermal power plant for the western U.S.; this project led to a future publication at the World Geothermal Congress, 2010. The host:Enel is the largest power company in Italy and second largest in Europe. It operates around the world and has invested heavily in renewable energy. The city:Pisa is small like Boston but has the similar feeling of a college town. The main attraction is the Leaning Tower. The residents are warm and friendly, and the food is delicious! Alan XU Class of 2013 MIT-France Program 2011 Internship: lectrict de France, Clamart While I probably wont return to the same campus, EDFs enormous network helped me find other promising projects. Working abroad has certainly opened the rest of the world for future employment. The French 3 year Ph.D thesis/internship program is also a strong candidate for higher education and experience. The project:Designing a Steam Generator test bench using mechanical and vibrational knowledge from MIT, eventually leading to a better SG understanding and life expectancy. The host:Largest energy company in the world, mainly using nuclear power plants. It is unique to be involved in something as important, guarded, and rare in the US as a nuclear power plant. The city:Clamart is all business, but adjacent Paris is anything but. Like New York, there is always something to see and do. From Paris, the TGV can also take you to the rest of France in 2-3 hours. Chris Benson Graduate student MIT-Italy Program 2011 Internship: ENEL, Pisa Before I did MISTI, I saw the rest of the world simply as a place to travel to on vacation. Now I see Italy as a place where I could potentially live and work. I plan to keep learning to speak the Italian language and cook Italian food. The project:I researched and analyzed the current state of the art in wind turbine technologies to provide a basis for evaluating future turbine acquisitions. This involved traveling around Italy visiting wind farms and meeting with turbine manufacturers. The host:ENEL is the main power producer in Italy, I worked for the green power division that is installing renewable energy sources all over the country. The city:Pisa is an amazing place to live, it is rather small but incredibly beautiful. It is inexpensive and has a good sized airport if you want to travel on the weekends.

The POWER of a Mechanical Engineering

The POWER of a Mechanical Engineering In 2011, MIT Mechanical Engineering students went through MISTI to design a control system for a YF03 robot atKawasaki Heavy Industries in Japan; research the potential of shale gas as an energy source at Iberdrola in Spain; conduct experimental investigations of rheological substances at RWTH Aachen University in Germany; and develop engineering projects to improve life in impoverished communities at Tecnologico de Monterrey in Mexico (to name a select few). In fact, a total of 80 MechE students went overseas last summer to expand their skills in foreign companies, universities and labs. Christopher Love Graduate student MIT-Italy Program 2008, 2009 2011 Internship: ENEL, Pisa This experience connected me to relatives in Italy and formed long-lasting friendships. I hope to travel often to Italy and perhaps return for an extended period of work. I have continued in the energy sector as a MITEI and NSF doctoral fellow researching durable nanoengineered surfaces for improved power-plant efficiency. The project:I designed a hybrid solar-geothermal power plant for the western U.S.; this project led to a future publication at the World Geothermal Congress, 2010. The host:Enel is the largest power company in Italy and second largest in Europe. It operates around the world and has invested heavily in renewable energy. The city:Pisa is small like Boston but has the similar feeling of a college town. The main attraction is the Leaning Tower. The residents are warm and friendly, and the food is delicious! Alan XU Class of 2013 MIT-France Program 2011 Internship: lectrict de France, Clamart While I probably wont return to the same campus, EDFs enormous network helped me find other promising projects. Working abroad has certainly opened the rest of the world for future employment. The French 3 year Ph.D thesis/internship program is also a strong candidate for higher education and experience. The project:Designing a Steam Generator test bench using mechanical and vibrational knowledge from MIT, eventually leading to a better SG understanding and life expectancy. The host:Largest energy company in the world, mainly using nuclear power plants. It is unique to be involved in something as important, guarded, and rare in the US as a nuclear power plant. The city:Clamart is all business, but adjacent Paris is anything but. Like New York, there is always something to see and do. From Paris, the TGV can also take you to the rest of France in 2-3 hours. Chris Benson Graduate student MIT-Italy Program 2011 Internship: ENEL, Pisa Before I did MISTI, I saw the rest of the world simply as a place to travel to on vacation. Now I see Italy as a place where I could potentially live and work. I plan to keep learning to speak the Italian language and cook Italian food. The project:I researched and analyzed the current state of the art in wind turbine technologies to provide a basis for evaluating future turbine acquisitions. This involved traveling around Italy visiting wind farms and meeting with turbine manufacturers. The host:ENEL is the main power producer in Italy, I worked for the green power division that is installing renewable energy sources all over the country. The city:Pisa is an amazing place to live, it is rather small but incredibly beautiful. It is inexpensive and has a good sized airport if you want to travel on the weekends.

Global Warming And Planet Earth - 1976 Words

Global Warming and Planet Earth: A Hot Topic! Diane Atwood Charter Oak State College Global Warming and Planet Earth: A Hot Topic! Earth is heading for ruin. Moreover, we all have a hand in taking it there, inadvertently though it may be. Humans are adding an abundance of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere that contribute directly to global warming; and we continue to do so every time we start our car, turn up the heat, turn on the lights or throw away trash. Global warming is a problem, caused in large part by human activity, and as it stands, poses a monumental threat to the planet and all of its occupants. While mega polluters do not have an incentive to stop greenhouse gas production, we can, as individuals work towards the solution, greenhouse gas reduction, by improving our awareness and implementing the day to day measures necessary in achieving this goal. Research Findings â€Å"Global warming refers to the recent and ongoing rise in global average temperature near Earth s surface. It is caused mostly by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere† (United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], n.d. a). While these gases exist naturally, trapping heat and keeping the Earth warm enough for survival, since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution larger quantities of these same gases, produced by humans, trap more heat in the atmosphere causing a negative impact on the planet. Many greenhouse-gas-emitting activitiesShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And The Planet Earth1588 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal Warming and the Planet Earth: We Broke It, Let’s Help Fix It! Global warming, often confused with the term â€Å"climate change,† is a problem of worldly proportions that knows no limits, caused in large part by human activity. 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Analysis Of The Movie Amistad - 960 Words

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Criminal Activity And Its Control - 1851 Words

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Criminal justice is the main umbrella that all the ot her perspectives come under. â€Å"The theory of criminal justiceRead MoreEssay on Social Organized Crime Perspective729 Words   |  3 PagesSocial Organized Crime Prespective Nelson Mieles University of Phoenix Criminal Organizations CJA 393 James K. Roberts, M.A. January 11, 2011 Social Institution A social institution is a group that someone lives and grows up in. These institutions or groups have a goal or task to complete. For example, a school is an educational social institution in which either children or adults go to learn a way of life. Social institutions are based on structures of relationships, functions, rolesRead MoreEssay on Approaches to crime prevention1666 Words   |  7 Pagescommunity within the crime prevention programs. Situational crime prevention reduces the opportunities for criminals to commit crime by making changes to or altering the environment with the assistance of the police, neighbors and other agencies (Worrall, 2008). The main theories of situational crime prevention are: environmental crime prevention, rational offender perspective, and routine activities (Worrall, 2008). Environmental crime prevention basically states that four elements must be presentRead MoreRational Choice, Deterrence, Incapacitation and Just Desert Essay1476 Words   |  6 PagesRational Choice, Deterrence, Incapacitation and Just Desert In seeking to answer the question, Why do people engage in deviant and/or criminal acts?, many researchers, as well as the general public, have begun to focus on the element of personal choice. An understanding of personal choice is commonly based in a conception of rationality or rational choice. These conceptions are rooted in the analysis of human behavior developed by the early classical theorists, CesareRead MoreIs There A Perfect Balance For Gun Control?872 Words   |  4 Pagesto control them (Just Facts)? Since the beginning of firearms, citizens have been concerned about who will acquire guns. By definition, gun control is the regulation of selling, owning, and the use of guns (Merriam-Webster). If one was to listen to television such as CNN, Fox News, or ABC, it is likely that the network would recognize the battle between â€Å"pro-second amendment conservatives† and â€Å"gun control democrats†. There are several topics that dictate individual’s opinions on gun control. Some

Math Statistics Project Essay Example For Students

Math Statistics Project Essay Math Statistics Project My main factor I am investigating is going to be weight. For the majority I aim to investigate the effect of weight on height. I am also going to look at the frequency of different weight groups among people. AÂ · The height will be measured in cm. I will keep it continuous by not asking the people to place their heights into groups, but instead enter their heights. This will be Quantitive data. AÂ · The weight will be measured in cm. I will keep it continuous by not asking the people to place their into groups, but instead enter their weights. This will be Quantitive data. AÂ · I will collect this data myself. I predict average height people weigh the least, followed by smaller people, who weigh more than usual, and lastly the taller people will weigh the most. I think smaller people will weigh more than average because people who stay indoors and dont get as much exercise (to burn the calories) put on weight, and dont grow because they dont get enough exercise. Taller people, I think will weigh the most because they will have more mass to make up for them being tall (for example imagine cubes, you stack the cubes up to make a taller cube which has more mass than the individual cubes). IMAGE Although greatly exaggerated the graph shows what I mean. I predict that the average height will be or a range 150cm, 160cm for Year 7 and Year 8 Girls and Boys. I have predicted this because my own height is 165cm and I know my height doesnt fluctuate wildly, and that I t grown much since Year 7 and 8, so I took away 10 cm which left me with 155cm AÂ ±5cm. I also predict that the average weight will be over a range of 45kg, 50kg for Year 7 and Year 8 girls and Boys. I have predicted this because I know I was about 48kg in Year 7 and Year 8 and weighed about

Timothy Nethery Essays - Philosophy, Metaphysics, Ontology

Timothy Nethery 12/12/2016 Intro into Philosophy Final Paper Pick one (1) of the following and explain and illustrate its metaphysical significance: determinism, pragmatism, or existentialism. Metaphysics is the foundation of philosophy. Without an explanation or an interpretation of the world around you and me, we would be helpless to deal with reality without it. Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy responsible for the study of existence. Metaphysics is the foundation of a whole world view. Metaphysics answers the question of "what is?". Metaphysics encompasses everything that has ever existed and will ever exist, as well as nature of existence itself. Metaphysics says whether the world is real or merely an illusion. It is a fundamental view of the world around us. The degree to which our metaphysical worldview is correct is the degree to which we can comprehend the world, and act accordingly. Without this firm foundation, all knowledge becomes suspect. Any flaw in our view of reality will make it more difficult to live. Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that investigates the fundamental nature of being and the world that surrounds it. This branch attempts to answer two questions; "what is there?" and "what is it like?" many topics such as existence, objects, and their properties, space and time, cause and effect, and possibility of an event occurring or not occurring. There are two main but very wide and broad conceptions and topics about what "world" is being studied by metaphysics. The strong classical view assumes that the objects studied by metaphysics exist independently of any observer, so that the subject is the most fundamental of all sciences. The weaker, more modern view assumes that the objects studied by metaphysics exist inside the mind of an observer, so the subject becomes a form of introspection and conceptual analysis. Some philosophers, notably Kant, discuss both "worlds" and what can be inferred about each one. In most of what follows, I will speak simply of determinism, ra ther than of causal determinism. This follows recent philosophical practice of sharply distinguishing views and theories of what causation is from any conclusions about the success or failure of. For the most part this disengagement of the two concepts is appropriate. But as we will see later, the notion of cause/effect is not so easily disengaged from much of what matters to us about determinism. Traditionally determinism has been given various, usually imprecise definitions. This is only problematic if one is investigating determinism in a specific, well-defined theoretical context; but it is important to avoid certain major errors of definition. Pragmatism as a philosophical tradition that began in the United States around 1870. Charles Sanders Peirce, generally considered to be its founder, later described it in his pragmatic maxim: Consider the practical effects of the objects of your conception. Then, your conception of those effects is the whole of your conception of the object. Pragmatism rejects the idea that the function of thought is to describe, represent, or mirror reality. Instead, pragmatists consider thought an instrument or tool for prediction, problem solving and action. Pragmatists contend that most philosophical topicssuch as the nature of knowledge, language, concepts, meaning, belief, and scienceare all best viewed in terms of their practical uses and successes. The philosophy of pragmatism "emphasizes the practical application of ideas by acting on them to actually test them in human experiences". Pragmatism focuses on a "changing universe rather than an unchanging one as the Idealists, Realists and Thomists had claimed". Existentialism liberates us from the customs of the past founded on myth. The quote from Jean Paul Sartre, Existence precedes and commands Essence, be the foundation for existentialism. I exist as a human. In my existence, I define myself and the world around me. The ongoing popularity of existentialism philosophy (particularly amongst young people) can be understood by its freedom of personal choice and individualism within a postmodern context of no absolute truth. The problem with Existentialism is that it leaves us without absolute foundations, encourages a separate / individual sense of self and gives too much power to our imagination and how we may choose to live. While this may be liberating, it unfortunately offers little guidance and does not abide by the fact that humans

Free Template How to Format a Romance Novel

Free Template How to Format a Romance Novel A new romance book template... that's made for you Earlier in the year, we sent out an April Fool's email suggesting that we were turning Reedsy into a dating service for lovelorn authors. From the kind replies we received, it became clear that more than a few of you have a soft spot for romance...If you're one of the 10% of Reedsians currently writing romance, we've prepared a little surprise: a belated Valentine's gift, you could call it.Typeset your love story for free, with our new romance export  template for the Reedsy Book Editor! I hope you'll enjoy this new EPUB and print-ready PDF template. The team and I really look forward to seeing the books you create with it. Why not launch the Reedsy Book Editor  and export your book to check it out!But what even is the Reedsy Book Editor? And how do I access it?Great question! The Reedsy Book Editor is a free, but  advanced book production tool. Import your manuscript then typeset it  to beautifully formatted print-ready PDF and EPUB files. Liberate your prose  from Word and give our typesetting tool a spin. Exporting your book with the romance book templateOnce you are happy with the formatting of your book, hit the  export button located in  the top right-hand corner of the Reedsy Book Editor. Then hit export! Simple, your files will be available to download within seconds.  You'll be on your way to the romance hall of fame in no time!To learn more about the Reedsy Book Editor check out our post on how to format  your book.  Ã‚  Alternatively, if you can stand the sound of my voice check out this short video:

CRITCALY CONSIDER WHETHER THO OCCURENCE OF SEXUAL CRIME IS BETTER Essay

CRITCALY CONSIDER WHETHER THO OCCURENCE OF SEXUAL CRIME IS BETTER EXPLAINNED BY SOCIOLOGIVAL OR PSYCHOLOGICal oriented criminolo - Essay Example As per Edwin Sutherland, kids were learning from elders about the criminal attitudes. As per Walter Reckless, crime happens when kids develop an insufficient self-image rendering them incapable of managing their own misbehaviour. As per Karl Marx, social interaction is the main instrument which sowed the seeds for new vistas in criminology. (Siegel 2008:10). Emile Durkheim regarded crime as a necessary and a normal social event. Quetelet from France revealed that crime rates were highest in the summer in France in heterogeneous, especially in southern regions and mostly influenced by drinking habits. Quetelet recognised many of the relationships between social phenomenons and hence, crime still acts as a footing for criminology even today. Lombrosian findings of crime depend upon biological determinism is the direct opposite to Quetelet revelations that crime had a social basis which is a direct confront of the former. (Siegel 2008:11). Structural Strain: Employing a sociological per spective, the structural concepts indicate that social and economic forces of strain shape collective human behaviour. (Siegel 2008: 175).Merton is of the view that anomie has been one of the most significant and long-term sociological theories of criminality. (Siegel 2008:176). Sexual crime is not a psychiatric crime but of legal nature. One becomes a sexual offender by satisfying tests of legal definitions and principles and not by satisfying some diagnostic criteria like sexual sadism and paedophilia. Sexual crime includes sexual demeanour. Sexual crime includes sexual behaviour like attempted or actual anal or vaginal penetration and whether the victim has been forcibly compelled or had with consent and the magnitude of the force employed by the perpetrator. (Flowers 2006:15). Masters and Johnson (1974) are of the view that human sexual demeanour is both instinctive and learned and effected by a variety of psychological, biological and socio-cultural manipulations. There is avai lability of plenty of evidence that majority of human sexual movements would become more graspable to majority individuals, if they could understand the setting of each other background and behaviour. (Kinsey, Promeroy and Martin 1948:678). The criminological outlook spotlights on sexual crimes, the consequences and it’s causes. The psychological standpoint spotlights on the manner in which sexual arousal and sexuality are influenced by personality dynamics, attitudes, motivations, emotions, interpersonal demeanour and beliefs. The sociological outlook sees sexuality as a genetic adaptation to the background with conception that sex differences in females and males are adaptive and functional in a biological sense. Sexual deviance is kind of sexual behaviour which is deviant from criminological and sociological perspectives will change across place and time and will be socially constructed. Kraft –Ebing (1906) explained sexual disorders, which include masochism, sadism , fetishism, transvestism, transsexualism, sexual bondage, nymphomania and lust murder. Sex crimes are distinguished from sexual deviance and sexual disorders as they are behavioural functions that infringe the law. From a legal outlook, sexual offenses are acts considered to be both a hazard to public and individual safety and sexually deviant. . Sexual

Housing law assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Housing law assignment - Essay Example However, the colonial structure was not amply sympathetic towards the tenants until democratic reforms were widely carried out. The political reforms were followed by the social and legislative ones, which empowered the tenants, particularly in the developed countries of the Commonwealth. Nevertheless, there was no strong and well-thought legislative framework to deter violations of the rights of the tenants by the authorities and the landlords. The municipalities were not beneficial to the old buildings, dormitories, etc. and the private companies and firms had no desire to comply with the law and mark the buildings as residential premises under the municipality. Even after widespread modernisation and democratisation, the problems of the tenants could not be eradicated altogether. The Housing Act 2004 (Commencement No. 11), however, aims at redefining the dimensions of housing security of the UK citizens at large. Further, the Homelessness Legislation has energized the community effort and the local governments to safeguard the interests of the tenants. Contextually, the case of James does not appear to be very different from the core issues of tenancy in the UK. After the recent economic crisis and negative growth, housing problems have become preponderant. Particularly, the relationships between the tenants and the landlords have been considerably strained due to the difficult situation of the real estate industry. And the problems that are being faced by James appear to be in continuity with the contemporary housing issues of the UK. James, who is a tenant of a house owned by the South Bank Properties plc, has been suffering from some mental problems. He dwelt in the aforesaid house for a couple of years. Three weeks ago James complained that the central heating system of the house was not working properly. Moreover, condensation in the bathroom and kitchen was faulty. Also, he complained of

Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi)

Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Investment done by a foreign individual or company in productive capability of another country is what is meant by foreign investment. It is the movement of capital from the national border in such a way tat it grants the investor the total authority over the acquired asset. FDI generally transfers both physical capital and intangible assets such as technology among nations. As per standard growth theories, the major factors driving economic growth are capital accumulation and technological innovation. Foreign direct investment plays a major role in the economic development of the host nation. It acts as a launching pad to the economic, social, infrastructural, technological developments of many host countries. This is an age of globalised world economy and foreign direct investment is the major driving force behind the interdependence of national economies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  FDI has a major role in taking the economy of the host country far ahead. The economically developing as well as the underdeveloped countries are dependent on the economically developed countries for financial assistance which would help them to achieve some financial stability. For the last twenty years any form of foreign direct investment has gained in a lot of capital knowledge and technological resources into the economy of a country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foreign direct investment is an essential and unavoidable part of national developmental plans. There are many positive aspects for FDI for which it is welcomed by all nations globally. It has become an integral tool for triggering economic growth for nations all over. FDI is well versed in utilizing human resource in the most effective way as a result of which high productivity is obtained. Foreign direct investment has gained popularity worldwide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though most of the FDI flows is mainly based in the developed nations, it is very much crucial for developing countries as well (refer figure 1). As per the figure between 1990-2000 the aggregate wealth of the developing nations nearly became four times and its total trade volume shot over five folds, FDI flowing into the developing countries grew to18 times. Because of private direct investments, the involvement of developing countries in the global production network increased considerably.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foreign direct investment made drastic changes in the economy of the host country. The infrastructure of the host country increased considerably. Technological development was also made possible. The living standard of the common people of the host country also improved due to foreign direct investment. FDI turned as a boon to the host country as the growth and development made by it was splendid as it not only improved the economic conditions of the nation, it also could improve the social conditions. Again the health sector of the host country could also develop because of foreign direct investment. Types of FDI:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foreign direct investment can be classified into two types. They are Greenfield investment and Mergers and Acquisition. Greenfield investment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Direct investment by a foreign company or individual in new venture or expanding by constructing new facilities in the existing territories in the host country is known as green field investment. This type of FDI is done in developing countries like India where multinational companies build new organizations. Foreign companies even hire employees from the host countries there by creating job opportunities. Developing nations gives captivating offers like tax-breaks, subsidies and incentives to the foreign companies in order to attract them. Losing corporate tax is negligible when compared to advantages to FDI.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Benefits of Greenfield investment are several. In sourcing is done there by increasing employment opportunities .Also employees are paid more than those working in domestic firms. Foreign countries invest in Research and development as a result of which the technology of the host country increases .Knowledge is imparted to the disadvantaged sections also. They go on expanding business by putting in more capital investments. Nations human capital gets utilized there by boosting up economy. Mergers and Acquisition:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is a primary type of foreign direct investment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mergers and Acquisitions take place when transfer of existing assets from a local firm to foreign firm is done. There are no long term benefits to the local economy. When control over assets and operations are transferred from host to foreign company, cross border acquisition takes place. When assets and operations from different nations are made to a single new legal entity, cross border merger takes place. Forbidden Territories:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foreign direct investment is not allowed in all sectors. In India it is restricted to certain areas such as Arms and ammunition, Atomic Energy, Railway Transport, Coal and lignite, mining of iron, manganese, chromium, gypsum, sulfur, gold, diamonds, copper, zinc etc. Certain other sectors may be restricted in other countries for FDI. Policies to promote economic development   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Several studies have been conducted regarding foreign direct investment and economic development. The results obtained from the studies were rather conflicting and not reliable. Some studies proved that the economic development in the host countries were only momentary. Certain studies show that there is no such effect. The linkage between the development and FBI is found confusing and the results differ for each country. Some studies find that there are benefits. As a consequence of foreign investment employees enjoyed greater salary that those working in the domestic field. Some did not study this benefit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Policies which I would recommend a host country government to adopt towards foreign investors in order to promote economic development are as follows.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foreign investments are really an integral part of economic development of a host nation, particularly economically developing and economically under developed nations. So a host government should attract foreign direct investors to the country if they believe the project would bring positive outputs. For that the host government has to give interesting incentives, subsidies, tax cuts etc. There is large competition among nations to bring foreign investors home so that their country could develop in all terms. The host government has to prove the foreign investors correct too in order to bring more investments in the particular field and also as a result of which they make their mind to invest in other sectors also. The host country authorities can give training to both workers and managers; technological training so that foreign investors get attracted as there is supply of human resources. By adopting these methods if that particular investor succeeds, that succ ess will prompt another investor to the host country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Spillover benefits do exist, but not globally. Mainly those benefits are enjoyed by economically developing and under developed host nations. Every host country differs in its economy, human resource, technological advancements, educational quality, competition and its policies towards foreign direct investment (FDI).

Title Acceptation to the Crucible :: Essay on The Crucible

Title Acceptation of The Crucible "A vessel of a very refractory material used for melting and calcining a substance that requires a high degree of heat." "A severe test." "A place or situation in which concentrated forces interact to cause or influence change or development." All of these definitions lead up to one word. Crucible. Author Miller incorporates this word in his play, The Crucible. The aforementioned definitions play a large part in The Crucible's symbolism, characters, and plot. "A place or situation . . . " is the definition mostly used in the play's plot. The change of the village is shown when Danforth states that ". . . a person is either with this court or he must be counted against it, there be no road between. This is a sharp time, now, a precise time--we live no longer in the dusky afternoon when evil mixed itself with good and befuddled the world."(94). This comment shows that the village has indeed gone through a change and that good and evil are, from this point forward, seen as black and white. There is a distinct separation Bremmerman 2 between the two that has not been there before. The concentrated forces at the center of this change are the young girls led by Abigail Williams. The closeness of the girls is played out at the end of Act One. Abigail onsets the anarchy when she cries "I want to open myself! . . . I want the light of God . . . I saw Sarah Good with the Devil! I saw Goody Osbourne with the Devil! I saw Bridget Bishop with the Devil!"(48) The other girls then mimic her cries of accusation by screaming out the names of those they had seen with the devil. With all of these accusations the chaos begins and Salem Village will never be the same. Among the characters in the play the most prominent meaning for crucible is "A vessel of a very refractory material . . ." After the questioning of the Proctors Reverend Hale points out to John that "no crack in a fortress may be accounted small."(67) This observation may also be made in reference to John Proctor's crucible. The crack in his crucible is Abigail Williams and she will, in the end, be the reason that Proctor can no longer take the heat. Just as a crack in a fortress will lead to the tumbling of the building a crack in a crucible will lead to an inability to contain heat.

Why did the authorities start using transportation as a punishment in the 1660’s and stop using it in 1868?

Since the 1660’s, the British government had been ridding Britain of rebels and criminals they no longer wanted in the country. This method of punishment was typically known as transportation. This involved sending the convicts to another country to commit hard labour and to live in deserved difficult conditions. Since the 1660s, the main transportation location from Britain was to the American colonies. However, when the American colonies had won their independence, transportation to there stopped suddenly.This created trouble for British convicts, as they desperately needed a new place to put the criminals; their prisons and hulks were becoming too overcrowded. Australia was then chosen as the main settlement because it at that time had recently been discovered (1770) so it would be deserted and available for labour. One of the reasons why authorities started using transportation as a punishment was to provide an alternative to hanging. Whilst the Bloody Code was present as the law, the majority of the public believed that hanging was too extreme, especially for minor crimes.They felt that having the same cruel punishment for a minor and major crime was a ridiculous rule. Juries would often not convict people and judges would find excuses not to hang people. As hanging was out of the question, another punishment that was not as cruel as the death penalty needed to be made; transportation being a suitable consequence for criminals and rebels as it still acted as a punishment because of the labour, and it didn’t have the intention of killing people.During the 1660’s, there were very few prisons and building new ones would cost authorities a lot. This also created another reason for transportation to become a new punishment, as it would give criminals a place to stay that wouldn’t cost the British authorities. Another reason why transportation started was because it was a satisfactory method to reform the criminals; thought better tha n prisons. The criminals would learn skills from the forced work that would benefit their future as a person.This reason was the least important reason behind transportation but it still worked upon the criminals. These criminals were thought to lead law-abiding lives after their release than criminals from prison. Transportation was a good deterrent as Australia was still an unknown country. The government hoped that the idea of being sent to the ‘edge of the world’ would terrify people and therefore put them off from breaking the law. Sending criminals off to Australia was also a way to get rid of criminals in Britain.This would reduce the crime rate and the number of criminals in the country. Sending British criminals off to Australia also helped the settlement and development of Australia as part of the British Empire. Transportation helped Britain to claim Australia for their empire. This would stop France and other rivals gaining whatever resources Australia had. From the 1800’s onwards, transportation started to lose it usefulness it once had. One reason being the Gaol’s Act in 1823 led by Fry and Peel.This movement led prisons become more suitable places as they were improved by better treatment of criminals and better living conditions. This gave the opportunity of criminals from now on being sent to prison instead of Australia as there were myriad reasons why transportation was becoming an issue. One reason being that the transport was costing ?0. 5 million per year and seeing as there were more prisons built, it cost them less money so keeping the criminals in the country was saving the authorities funds.Also, many of the ex-convicts reformed and were now living peacefully and finding work in Australia. The free settlers in Australia started to set up societies within Australia protesting against Britain ‘dumping’ convicts in their country. Wages were also higher in Australia than in Britain once a prisoner ha d won their ticket of leave. By the 1860’s, Australia was well established as a secure part of the British Empire so they no longer needed to make their claim over it as no other country would be able to.Overall, transportation started because of the many factors that lead the British authorities to sought out another punishment that was still effective but not as harsh as the death penalty. Factors such as hanging being too harsh, a new form of a deterrent and reformation for criminals. Also to claim the newly discovered land, Australia, for the British Empire. Whereas, transportation was seized because of Australia becoming more and more developed, it was not lowering the crime rates in Britain and prisons became more useful to use because it was cheaper for the British government and they were under more control.

Alibaba Taobaos - 837 Words

Alibaba Taobao Introduction Founded by Alibaba Group on May 10, 2003, Taobao Marketplace facilitates consumer-to-consumer (C2C) retail by providing a platform for small businesses and individual entrepreneurs to open online stores that mainly cater to consumers in Chinese-speaking regions (Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan) and also abroad. Taobao Marketplace (formerly Taobao) was launched in May 2003 by Alibaba after eBay acquired Eachnet, China’s online auction leader at the time, for USD 180 million and became a major player in the Chinese consumer e-commerce market. To counter eBay’s expansion, Taobao offered free listings to sellers and introduced website features designed to act in local consumers best interests,†¦show more content†¦For instance, the screen names of online moderators were derived from characters in popular Chinese kung-fu novels. It also introduced the online payment system Alipay a year later. Online credit card or debit card payment was very rare in China and customers usually paid cash on delivery. Alipay formed partnerships with leading Chinese banks and signed a long-term agreement with China Post, which meant customers without a debit or bank card could fund their Alipay accounts at any of its 66,000 offices. Taobao provided services and solved problems for the smaller businesses that are the driving force behind China’s economic boom. For instance, Alipay enabled people to pay for goods and services easily. Also, Taobao identified how to help people buy and sell. By making online shopping easy, safe and fun it helped many first-time online buyers build confidence in e-commerce. On the other hand, EBay in China was charging users to list products and services which will discourage sellers to set up online shops on its website. This will thus cause a decrease in goods and services provided on eBay and buyers will look for alternatives because of the lack of choices. Despite eBay announcing that it will no longer charge a transaction fee on sellers on its Chinese Web site in 2006, it was already too late as Taobao had already made use the period of time (where eBay still collects fees) to garner a loyal base ofShow MoreRelatedTaobao Essay962 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ 1. What was Alibaba Group’s motivation for diversifying into the consumer business with the launch of Taobao? Does it make sense? Alibaba Group’s motivation for diversifying into the consumer business with the launch of Taobao was mainly because of the rise of eBay in China. Jack Ma, the founder of Alibaba, observed that the entry of eBay through EachNet, which held an 85% market share, was a threat to Alibaba. He was especially concerned that the rise of eBay would encroach their existingRead MoreAlibaba- Corporate Advantage and Competiton1818 Words   |  8 PagesHow does Alibaba group create corporate advantage? (Why are the businesses under one roof?) 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Jack Ma, Chief Executive Officer of Alibaba Group, stared through the fog at the cable stays of the Hangzhou Bay Bridge whistling past on his drive to the offices of Taobao (hunting for treasures), Alibabas online marketplace for Chinese retailers and consumers. The longest transoceanic bridge in the world had a long gestation period:Read MoreWhy China Is The Biggest Internet Market Globally Essay1984 Words   |  8 PagesMany market opportunities have helped the Alibaba Group thrive in the recent years. The location is the first advantage because China has over 560 million users of internet spending over 20 hours online a week. China is the biggest internet market globally (Bhasin, 2016). This is twice the size of internet users in United States of America. China is gradually shifting the traditional retailing in favor of latest trend of e-tailing. 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We think China has tremendous long-term potential and we want to do everything we can to maintain 1 our No. 1 position. — Meg Whitman, eBay CEO, 2004 By 2008, Jack Ma, CEO of Alibaba.com Inc., was in a position to consider how to fortify Taobao’s dominant position in China’s online consumer-to-consumer (C2C) market. Ma and his company had come a long way since May 2003, when they first launched the Taobao website. Back then, eBay China dominated the fledgling market, holding over 70 percentRead MoreA Short Note On The E Commerce Market1973 Words   |  8 Pagesanalyze the factors that led to Alibaba sustaining its leadership position in the Chinese e-commerce market. During the late 1990’s and early 2000’s, the internet was not very popular in China and people were ignorant to its proper use. Knowing this, Jack Ma decided to start this internet user-friendly company that would allow his clients to perform business transactions with other businesses/suppliers in China. He first started the company on a local level and as Alibaba has seen success it has beenRead MoreTaobaos Success1860 Words   |  8 PagesTaobao’s Success 1 Taobao’s Success The most successful C2C E-business platform in China Chenlei Shi 865313 IT IS 600 Professor Robert Testa, Jr. September, 18, 2010 Taobao’s Success 2 Abstract With the great speed of economic globalization, E-Business is developing in a surprising speed through the wide-spread of information technology. Nowadays, there are a lot of big E-business corporations such as Amazon, E-bay focus on different E-business model and field. However when these international